How America was hit with COVID-19 from two continents: Majority of cases in US epicenter New York came from Europe – but a DIFFERENT strain spread from China to the West Coast, genome studies reveal
- In an effort to understand how COVID-19 spread around the globe, several studies have analyzed the genomes of coronavirus found in patients
- A Cambridge University study identified three distinct strains that have dominated various parts of the world
- Researchers in New York found that most people in hard-hit NYC have a strain that has dominated in Europe
- That strain likely arrived first and has become dominant in the US after travel from China was banned long before travel from Europe was blocked
- Genome analysis suggests that a different strain infected people in Washington state, where the first patient in the US was identified
Most Americans with coronavirus are infected with a strain that came from Europe – but the strain that shut down Wuhan, China spread on the West Coast, recent research shows.
Coronavirus likely came to the US first from Europe, circulating unseen among New Yorkers for weeks before the state’s first case was diagnosed, and even before it arrived in Washington state, where the first American case was confirmed.
It’s this European strain that’s driven the majority of infections in the US, now concentrated in New York and the East Coast, not the strain of the virus most prevalent in China, according to a new analysis of viral genomes by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
A second strain struck the West Coast and likely arrived later from China, despite the fact that a man who traveled back to the US from China was the first identified American infected with COVID-19.
Separately, Cambridge University scientists found that there are three distinct strains of the virus that account for most of the world’s cases.
It’s now quite clear that coronavirus first made the jump to humans from anteater-like animals called pangolins after getting its start in bats.
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DNA Researchers believe the virus was being spread around the city by mid-February – weeks before New York’s first confirmed case. This map shows the trajectory of various strains of the coronavirus as it criss-crosses the globe, according to an ongoing genome analysis by Nextstrain.org
As it has spread among humans around the world, the virus that causes COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, has mutated into different strains – although not as quickly as some viruses evolve.
Many scientists have delved into the genomes of these viruses to try to work out their ancestory and how each has traveled and spread.
Researchers at Nextstrain.org, traced the virus strains, coded in bright colors on an interactive map as they’ve criss-crossed the globe and multiplied in number from the first iteration of coronavirus in China.
The authors of the new Cambridge University study dubbed the first strain to hit humans ‘type A.’
But the original didn’t linger long in China, instead jumping to and taking hold in Japan, Australia and the US.
Instead, a mutated version of the virus – type B – arose and became the dominant spread in China, before moving on to Europe, South America and Canada.
Still a third strain, type C, became the dominant version of COVID-19 in Singapore, Italy and Hong Kong, according to the Cambridge analysis of viral genomes in samples from coronavirus patients.
The genetic history of the coronavirus was mapped from December 24 to March 4, revealing three distinct, but closely related, variants. Scientists believe the virus may be constantly mutating to overcome differing levels of immune system resistance in different populations
The map above shows how the three strains identified by Cambridge University scientists traveled around the world
Viruses with similar structures are grouped into families, but each specific virus often develops strains – like off-shoots of a family tree.
These strains arise in the virus’s hasty scramble to copy themselves.
Viruses are primitive, compared to our cells. They’re considered something more than packages of genetic material, but less than a living organism.
While human, animal and plant cells have intricate machinery that generate energy, viral particles have to hijack these cells, forcing their machinery to churn out copies of the virus’s genetic material.
This ad hoc process gives rise to mutations, and the ones that happen to be beneficial to the virus’s survival multiply in each host, and spread on, better at outsmarting immune systems than their predecessors were.
Researchers at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai N.Y.U. found a slightly different pattern in the virus’s travels.
While Cambridge scientists traced the virus from China to the US, the Icahn team found unequivocally that the majority of people in New York – where more than 150,000 people are infected, accounting for most of the US’s cases – have a strain that came from Europe.
Dr Harm van Bakel, a geneticist and co-author of the Icahn School’s study, told the New York Times: ‘The majority is clearly European.’
Last week travel data emerged showing 3.4 million travelers from countries that would end up as the hardest-hit by the outbreak entered the US as the pandemic was starting.
Travel data shows 3.4 million travelers from countries that would end up hardest-hit by the coronavirus outbreak entered the US as the pandemic was starting
Figures from the US Commerce Department from December, January and February, which were the critical early months in the outbreak, reveal how hundreds of thousands or even millions of undetected coronavirus cases could have entered the country while medical experts remained unaware of the seriousness of the illness.
The world first heard about the virus in December, when it remained confined to China and mostly in the epicenter of Wuhan.
Beijing was accused of covering up the spread of the virus, which may have left China’s borders through asymptomatic patients well before new cases were picked up around the world.
Most of the more than 87,000 people in New York City who are infected with coronavirus have a strain that came to the US from Europe. Pictured: Medical workers in NYC suit up in PPE at a field hospital set up by Mt Sinai Health System
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Isolated cases started showing up in Europe in late January, before the pandemic took off in Europe in February.
The travel data shows 759,493 people entered the US from China before President Trump’s travel ban on 31 January.
Another 343,402 arrived from Italy, 418,848 from Spain and about 1.9 million more came from Britain.
Medical experts say it cannot be known how many travelers may have been infected, but it’s highly likely some were not exhibiting symptoms.
And as air travel has surged in recent years, enabling the pandemic to spread as it has, some officials suspect the virus’ true impact was happening sooner than they realized.
Trump has been criticized for not rolling out a widespread testing program when cases began spiking in the US.
At least eight strains of the virus are being tracked by researchers around the world, using genetic detective work to show how the virus spreads.
Pictured, a breakdown of the different coronavirus genomes and to which of the three major group they belong to. The lines indicate a rough split between the type. The larger the circle, the higher the amount of cases
Methods used to trace the prehistoric migration of ancient humans was adapted to track the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19
The virus appears to mutate very slowly, with only tiny differences between the different strains and that none of the strains of the virus are more deadly than another, experts say.
They also added it does not appear the strains will grow more lethal as they evolve.
Scientists also said that despite conspiracy theories falsely claiming the virus was made in a lab, the virus’s genome shows it began in bats.